The encoding methods can be grouped into two approaches (i) de-novo synthesis approaches, where the DNA sequences are designed from scratch to encode the data, and (ii) assembly based approaches, where the data is encoded by assembling it from a predefined library of oligos. To obtain further details on the encoding methods, please refer to the corresponding publications listed below.
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De-novo synthesis approaches
- MaxDensity (exhibits the theoretical maximum density of two bits per nucleotide)
- Church [1, 3]
- Goldman [2, 3]
- Wukong [3]
- DNA-Aeon [5]
- NoHomopolymer (designed to avoid long homopolymer runs)
- gcplus [4]
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Assembly based approaches
- LinearChain [7]
- LinearBinomial [6, 7]
- PolyChain [7]
- PolyBinomial [6, 7]
References
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[1] Church, G.M., Gao, Y. and Kosuri, S., 2012. Next-generation digital information storage in DNA. Science, 337(6102), pp.1628-1628. (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1226355)
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[2] Goldman, N., Bertone, P., Chen, S., Dessimoz, C., LeProust, E.M., Sipos, B. and Birney, E., 2013. Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA. nature, 494(7435), pp.77-80. (https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11875)
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[3] Huang, X., Cui, J., Qiang, W., Ye, J., Wang, Y., Xie, X., Li, Y. and Dai, J., 2024. Storage‐D: A user‐friendly platform that enables practical and personalized DNA data storage. Imeta, 3(2), p.e168. (https://doi.org/10.1002/imt2.168)
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[4] Hanna, S.K., GC+ Code: Correcting Random Edit Errors in DNA Storage. (https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01244)
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[5] Welzel, M., Schwarz, P.M., Löchel, H.F. et al. DNA-Aeon provides flexible arithmetic coding for constraint adherence and error correction in DNA storage. Nat Commun 14, 628 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36297-3
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[6] Preuss, I., Rosenberg, M., Yakhini, Z. et al. Efficient DNA-based data storage using shortmer combinatorial encoding. Sci Rep 14, 7731 (2024).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/
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[7] Wernhart, K., Schroeder, F., Barisic, I., 2025. Example Title for Another Paper. Journal of Example Research, 15(3), pp.789-1011.
DOI: 10.5678/example.doi
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